This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the comparative effects of nature-based versus indoor exercise interventions on cognitive performance, psychological well-being, and physiological stress in Malaysian adults. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) active nature engagement (walking outdoors), (2) passive nature engagement (seated outdoor observation), (3) indoor treadmill walking, or (4) a no-intervention control group. The study will examine changes in attention, working memory, affect, blood pressure, body composition, and salivary cortisol across baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention assessments.
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Sustained attention
Timeframe: 1) Baseline (Week 0) 2) Midpoint (Week 2) 3) Post-intervention (Week 4)
Salivary cortisol
Timeframe: 1) Baseline (Week 0) 2) Midpoint (Week 2) 3) Post-intervention (Week 4)
Working memory
Timeframe: 1) Baseline (Week 0) 2) Midpoint (Week 2) 3) Post-intervention (Week 4)