Chinese University Students' Death Attitudes and Their Initial Sandplay Characteristics

Plain-language summary

Death attitudes are different emotional reactions, evaluations, and behavioral tendencies of individuals experiencing near-death or death scenes, including positive or negative attitudes toward death such as denial, fear, curiosity, acceptance, avoidance, anxiety, etc. Wilson proposed a dual-attitude model to differentiate between implicit death attitudes and explicit death attitudes. Subsequently, some scholars have launched a discussion on the measurement and validity of implicit attitudes, Schimmack reviewed the evidence and found that the validity of implicit attitudes was lower than that of explicit instruments in all domains, but could be used as a complementary measure of sensitive attitudes; there are also several studies suggesting that implicit attitudes toward death could play a complementary role in the assessment of suicidal risk, and Wong found that a color image-based implicit association test was superior to a text-based one. Sandplay therapy was developed by Swiss psychologist Dore M. Kalff in 1954 by combining Jung's analytical psychology and projection techniques with Lowenfeld's "The world technique". It was introduced to Japan by Hayao Kawai, a Japanese clinical psychologist, and introduced to China by Risheng Zhang in 1998. Sandplay therapy as a kind of deep-level expressive art therapy that uses sandboxes and tools to work with the self of individual cases, inherits the theories of Jungian psychotherapy about interpretation and metaphorical symbols, and can help individual cases to present unconscious contents and accomplish certain organization and transformation, which is very helpful to the development of the unconscious. It has a theoretical basis for reflecting the individual's implicit attitude toward death. Sandplay can express deeper emotional contents through metaphors and symbols . Initial sandplay is the first one or two sandplays produced by a case. Research on the characteristics of the initial sandplay is helpful for clinicians to better grasp the psychological state and psychological traits of similar groups of people . Risheng Zhang does not advocate for the use of sandplay as a diagnostic tool, but sandplay does have a certain degree of diagnostic function, and by comparing the characteristics with those of the normative group, it can be used as one of the bases for preliminary judgment of the visitor. Renhui Lv suggested that Kalf and subsequent different scholars have combined their own experience in clinical practice to summarize the different methods and concerns of the box court assessment, although subjective assessment is criticized by scholars who hold a scientistic viewpoint, but it has to be admitted that any objectivization means cannot replace the flexibility and wholeness of the subjective assessment. The analytical dimensions of this study were defined in conjunction with the analytical dimensions used by several researchers regarding the study of sandplay characteristics. This study planned to recruit 100 subjects through double-blind randomization, from which at least 82 subjects were selected from university students who had no religious beliefs, had an age range of 20±2 years old, had normal vision or corrected vision, none of them had participated in similar experiments before, and were familiar with basic computer operations. The study was based on a two-dimensional model of death attitudes, i.e., death attitudes were categorized into exoteric and implicit attitudes, and exoteric death attitudes were measured using the Depiction of Attitudes Toward Death Scale-Revised (DAP-R), and implicit death attitudes were measured using the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), respectively. The study first explored the correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward death by correlating the implicit effect value D of the SC-IAT with the mean of the subdimensions of the DAP-R as pearson product difference. Secondly, based on the DAP-R scores, the university students with external death attitudes were categorized into positive and negative groups; based on the D values of the implicit effects of the SC-IAT, the university students with internal death attitudes were categorized into positive and negative groups, and the significance of the differences was investigated by conducting independent samples t-tests on the box characteristics of the university students of the two groups respectively.

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