Echocardiographic Parameters for Hemodynamic Support During CVVHDF

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years * Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) * Clinical indication for initiation of continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) * Ability to obtain adequate transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) images prior to CVVHDF * Written informed consent obtained from the patient's legal representative Exclusion Criteria: * Acute coronary syndrome, severe valvular disease, or pericardial effusion affecting cardiac function * Cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia that interfere with accurate Doppler measurements * Presence of cardiac devices such as pacemakers, LVADs, or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) * Poor echocardiographic window due to severe lung disease or chest wall abnormalities * Estimated life expectancy \<24 hours or do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in place * Inability to obtain informed consent due to lack of legal representative * Transfer to another facility before CVVHDF initiation or change in renal replacement strategy (e.g., switch to peritoneal dialysis) * Incomplete echocardiographic measurement due to technical limitations