Study on the Surgical Strategy of Corneal Endothelial Protection for Hard Nuclear Cataract Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * patients with age-related cataracts that were only classified by Emery-Little as nuclear hardness grade III-V. * encompassed a minimum dilated pupil diameter of 7 mm or above, as well as a corneal endothelial cell count exceeding 1200/mm\^2. * Corneal morphology is normal and clear * Informed consent is required prior to enrollment Exclusion Criteria: * Those with white cataracts, histories of eye surgery, and eye diseases such as corneal pathology, uveitis, Fuchs\' dystrophy, and glaucoma were excluded. * Exclude those with comorbid ocular and systemic diseases that affect corneal endothelial cell function * Exclude those with previous intraocular surgery