The Effects of 15% Dextrose Solution on Pain and Range of Motion in the Hemiplegic Shoulder

Inclusion Criteria: Patients aged between 40 and 75 years History of stroke Brunnstrom stage 2 or higher in the upper extremity Provided written informed consent and agreed to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: History of any prior injection therapy to the shoulder region Previous radiotherapy or surgery involving the shoulder Pre-stroke shoulder pain History of shoulder surgery History of inflammatory joint disease Presence of neuromuscular disorders Full-thickness rotator cuff tear Patients with aphasia or severe cognitive impairment Presence of pectoral muscle spasticity Active malignancy with acute inflammation at the treatment site Known coagulation disorder with INR ≥ 4 Presence of vascular conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, varicose veins, or arterial disease in the affected limb