The Effects of Exogenous Ketosis on Ultra-endurance Recovery and Performance

Inclusion Criteria: * have been cycling consistently for at least 1 year before entry into the study * have been cycling for a minimum of 7 hours per week for the 6 months leading up to the study * additional for the field study: valid entry to the 2025 edition of the Absa Cape Epic * non-smoker Exclusion Criteria: * Do not follow a ketogenic diet or low-carbohydrate diet * Have any metabolic or auto-immune disease that will influence their metabolism * Take medication or supplements that is known to affect ketone supplement metabolism * suffering from a recurring injury or illness from which they have not fully recovered that is a contr-indication to perform high-intensity exercise * Unable to finish each stage * Women: if they are pregnant or breastfeeding