Interventions for Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged between 18 and 45 years who have undergone bariatric surgery (BS). * Experiencing inadequate weight loss (IWL) within 18 months after surgery or weight regain (WR) following successful weight loss. * Definitions used in the study: IWL is defined as \<50% excess weight loss (EWL) 18 months postoperatively. WR is defined as \>25% regain of the lost weight (from the lowest achieved weight). \- Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or lactating women. * Patients with acute illnesses, infections, or comorbidities that may affect treatment efficacy or safety (e.g., cancer, type 1 diabetes, renal or hepatic failure, recent stroke or myocardial infarction, nephrolithiasis, substance or alcohol abuse, eating disorders, severe depression or other psychiatric disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasms, arrhythmic heart diseases, heart failure, respiratory failure). * Patients currently receiving corticosteroid therapy. * Professional athletes.