Effect of Multiple Non-pharmacological Methods for Pain Management During Eye Examination for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Preterm Infants

Inclusion Criteria: * Postmenstrual gestational age ≤32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤1500 g, * Stable, awake, in supine position and breathing spontaneously without oxygen support, * Vital signs were within normal limits before the examination, * Premature infants undergoing ROP examination for the first time. Exclusion Criteria: * Preterms who have been administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or sedative and antiepileptic drugs such as chloral hydrate, phenobarbital and diazepam within 24 hours before the ROP examination, * Preterms with severe respiratory diseases, receiving respiratory support (continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation), * Preterms with critical conditions such as central nervous system infections and sepsis, * Preterms with other organic diseases such as severe cardiovascular disease, pulmonary insufficiency, * Preterms with congenital malformations.