Time-of-Day Effects of Fasted Exercise on Energy Intake

Inclusion Criteria: * BMI of 18.5.0-30.0 kg/m2 * weight stability (≤2.5 kg weight change during the past 3 months) * ability to exercise at a vigorous intensity for 30 minutes Exclusion Criteria: * pregnancy or breastfeeding * smoking * history of or current eating disorders * medical condition or use of medication that could affect appetite or pose any contraindications to exercise As the menstrual cycle can cause fluctuations in food cravings and appetite, women of childbearing age were only eligible if they used hormonal contraceptives. To ensure constant exposure to exogenous estrogen and progestin throughout the study phase, participating women were further asked to use active hormone pills throughout the study period in both studies, a practice that is considered both safe and efficacious. \-