Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a challenging gastrointestinal disorder, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are typically the first line of treatment. However, up to 40% of GERD patients experience little to no relief or only partial relief of their symptoms after receiving PPI therapy. Among these patients, who do not respond to high-dose PPIs taken twice daily, more than 90% exhibit conditions related to brain-gut axis communication disorders, such as esophageal hypersensitivity and functional heartburn. Visceral hypersensitivity and esophageal hypervigilance are the two key causes of esophageal symptoms in this group of patients. According to the Rome IV consensus on esophageal disorders, five categories are identified: functional chest pain, functional heartburn, globus sensation, functional dysphagia, and esophageal hypersensitivity. The diagnostic criteria state that patients must have chronic esophageal symptoms, and any structural, inflammatory, or motility abnormalities must be excluded. Therefore, diagnosing brain-gut axis communication disorders in the esophagus requires upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophageal pH-impedance testing, and high-resolution esophageal manometry. Neuromodulators, which regulate peripheral and central pain sensitivity, are a cornerstone of pharmacological treatment for brain-gut axis communication disorders and associated symptoms. Additionally, growing evidence supports the use of brain-gut axis behavioral therapies, such as gut-directed hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), to effectively treat these disorders. However, research on neuromodulators and CBT in brain-gut axis communication disorders remains limited, and their efficacy is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and role of CBT in treating brain-gut axis communication disorders. The information gained from this research will help clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms related to brain-gut axis communication abnormalities and refractory GERD symptoms. Furthermore, the findings will guide the development of effective treatment strategies for patients with brain-gut axis communication disorders who do not respond to PPI therapy in clinical practice.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire（GERDQ）
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
PROMIS Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire（PROMIS GERD）
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Disease symptom index(DSI)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Reflux Symptom Index(RSI)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
The Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire(BEDQ)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Esophageal Hypervigilance and Anxiety Scale(EHAS)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Wei-Yi Lei Gastroenterology attending physician
Visceral sensitivity index(VSI)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire(TDQ)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Illness Cognition Questionnaire (ICQ)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Short-form-12-health-survey-questionnaire(SF-12)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Northwest Esophageal Quality of Life Scale(NEQOL)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Global Symptom Severity Questionnaire(GSS)
Timeframe: Each participant will undergo a questionnaire assessment upon entering the study, and another questionnaire assessment will be conducted at the end of the 12-week treatment period.
Heart rate variability(HRV)
Timeframe: Participants will undergo heart rate variability measurement before receiving treatment, and another heart rate variability measurement will be conducted after week 12 of the study.