Competitive Swimming and Shoulder Adaptations: The Role of Stroke Specialty in Adolescent Swimmers

Inclusion Criteria for Swimmer Group: * aged between 13 to 18 years * the asymptomatic swimmers with no history of major upper limb injury or surgery and no injury history of upper limb in last 6 months * having experience in at least 5 years competitive swimming, * actively participating in competitive swimming at least 1 year, * competing at least in national level and having swimming stroke specialization in competitive swimming Inclusion Criteria for Control Group: * aged between 13 to 18 years, * no competed in overhead sports like swimming, basketball, volleyball, tennis, baseball as professional or recreational, * no history of major upper limb injury or surgery in last 6 months. Exclusion Criteria for all participants: * if they had at least two positive signs by shoulder screening tests (Hawkin's/Kennedy Subacromial Impingement Test, Jobe/Empty Can Test, External Rotation Resistance Test, Apprehension Instability Test, Speed Test and Gerber Lift-Off Test), * a BMI of 30 kg/m² or greater than 30 kg/m², * competing in paralympic sports, * if they had any major upper limb injuries or surgeries, * if they had any systemic, neurological or rheumatological diseases, * being pre-pubertal stage (Tanner I) according to Tanner Scale, * indicated their unwillingness to participate to this study.