Confirmed cases of type 2 diabetes who have presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and have no diagnosed gastrointestinal diseases will be referred to the laboratory for testing of tTG IgA and total IgA antibodies to rule out celiac disease, as well as IgE antibody testing to exclude wheat allergy. After ruling out celiac disease, wheat allergy, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using the Rome IV criteria, the patients will be invited to the clinic. The study's objectives, methods, and procedures will be explained, and written informed consent will be obtained from patients who are willing to participate. At the start of the study, each patient's weight will be measured while wearing light clothing using a mechanical scale (with an accuracy of 100 grams), and height will be measured without shoes using a wall-mounted meter (with an accuracy of 0.5 cm). The body mass index (BMI) of the patients will then be calculated. Additionally, general patient information will be recorded on the data collection form, and the gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire (NCGS-SQ) will be completed. Next, blood sample will be drawn from the patients after fasting for 8 to 12 hours, and their serum will be collected to measure glycemic indices, including FBS, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR. A gluten-free diet (GFD) will be designed by a nutritionist to maintain the weight of type 2 diabetic patients and must be followed for 6 weeks. Carbohydrate distribution and diabetes-related recommendations will also be provided for the patients. Patient follow-up will be conducted via phone calls to ensure adherence to the diet and to prevent sample loss. Diet compliance will be assessed by a nutritionist, who will review the intake of any gluten-containing foods. After six weeks (Phase 1), glycemic indices will be re-evaluated through blood tests. Patients who have adhered to the diet optimally and experienced significant improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms will be suspected of having NCGS. If they agree, they will remain in the study and participate in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Those who do not show improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms during the first six weeks will be excluded from the study. In Phase 2, both the patients and the researchers assessing them will be blinded to the treatment being studied. Intervention group (gluten group) will receive 3 grams of gluten, and control group (placebo group) will receive 3 grams of corn starch powder, to be consumed daily mixed with milk or another beverage. Patients in both groups will continue following their gluten-free diets. At the end of study , glycemic indices will be re-evaluated, and changes in those indices over the 6-week period will be assessed. Additionally, a clinical symptoms questionnaire will be completed via phone calls every three weeks.
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Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Timeframe: Initially, week 6, and week 12
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
Timeframe: Initially, week 6, and week 12
Insulin
Timeframe: Initially, week 6, and week 12
Clinical symptoms
Timeframe: Initially, week 3, week 6, week 9, and week 12