The objective of this single-center observational study is to improve the safety and effectiveness of chest surgery through the use of a new ventilation technique. During the operation, to allow the surgeon to work more precisely, only one lung will receive air from the respirator. To improve visibility during surgery, a small amount of carbon dioxide is introduced into the space between the lung and the chest wall, a procedure called capnothorax. The aim of the research is to find the best way to set the patient's ventilation during the operation, ensuring adequate oxygenation and minimizing the risks to the lung. To do this, we will use a method of measuring the pressure inside the esophagus, which will allow us to better understand the status of the lungs and adjust ventilation accordingly. Esophageal pressure is an indirect measure of the pressure within the lung. By measuring this pressure, we can get important information about the status of the lungs and their ability to expand and contract. By measuring esophageal pressure, researchers will be able to set ventilation more precisely, optimizing the amount of air that is supplied to the lungs and the pressure inside the lungs themselves. This could help prevent lung damage and improve the patient's breathing during and after surgery, reducing respiratory complications and improving patients' quality of life. General data collected at the beginning of the study and before the surgical intervention: * date of birth, gender, weight, and height, * information and scores regarding the fitness for general anesthesia techniques, * anesthesia risk assessment made by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), * data related to respiratory mechanics. Data collected during the surgical intervention: * data related to respiratory mechanics measured at the ventilator, * data recorded by the optivent monitor to which the esophageal probe is connected, * hemodynamic data collected through a semi-invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring system, * arterial blood gas analysis, * pulmonary ultrasound findings.
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Evaluate the P/F ratio (PaO2/ FiO2), the driving pressure during the OLV phases in relation to the esophageal pressure.
Timeframe: from induction of general anesthesia to awakening