Clinical Evaluation of 3-D Printed Partial Denture Space Maintainer

Inclusion Criteria: * apparently, healthy cooperative children having recent premature loss of lower primary molars * the permanent successors of the lost primary molars were not expected to erupt within 6 months * Angle's class 1 occlusion with normal primary molar relation * Presence of teeth on the mesial and distal side of the edentulous area * Absence of para-functional habits or abnormal occlusion conditions such as crossbite, open bite, or deep bite. * Radiographically, presence of permanent successors. * parents and children were accepting the new treatment modality. Exclusion Criteria: * children exhibited poor oral hygiene, para-functional oral habits, severe crowding, space loss, and abnormal occlusion * Extraction of primary molars exceeding three months. * Radiographically, absence of permanent successor. * uncooperative children