Inflammatory Response and Gingival iNOS Levels in Diabetic vs. Non-Diabetic Periodontitis Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must be between 18 and 65 years of age (according to the World Health Organization definition of young and adult individuals). * Diagnosed with periodontitis (Stage 2, 3, or 4) based on the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. * Diabetes control status determined by HbA1c levels: controlled diabetes: HbA1c ≤ 7, uncontrolled diabetes: HbA1c \> 7 * Must volunteer and sign an informed consent form for clinical evaluations and collection of tissue samples. Exclusion Criteria: * History of smoking. * Presence of systemic or local diseases affecting the immune system (e.g., autoimmune disorders, HIV, hepatitis). * Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. * History of antibiotic use or periodontal treatment within the last 3-6 months. * History of immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy. * Requirement for antibiotic prophylaxis. * Severe systemic illnesses unrelated to diabetes (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases).