Assessments of Metabolic Responses to Acute Oral Administration of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy, non-diabetic (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) \< 5.7%, fasting glucose \< 5.6 mmol/L), and normal weight participants with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0-24.9 kg/m2, parameters of complete blood count within normal range * Age 18-55 years * Stable body weight (± 5%) for at least three months * Able to give informed consent as documented by signature Exclusion Criteria: * Fructose intolerance * Any pre-existing diet (e.g., vegetarian diet, vegan diet, sugar free diet, paleo diet, Atkins diet, ketogenic diet) that deviates from normal eating habits * Regular consumption (\>1/ week) of erythritol or xylitol * Regular intake of medications, except contraceptives * Pre-existing impairment of blood coagulation/thrombocyte function (e.g. hereditary, regular intake of anti-coagulant agents (e.g. NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin, etc.))Chronic or clinically relevant acute infections/diseases * Substance abuse (more than 1 glass wine/beer per day; regular consumption of cannabis, consumption of cocaine, heroin, etc.), regular smoking * Pregnancy: although no contraindication, pregnancy might influence metabolic state. Women who are pregnant or have the intention to become pregnant during the course of the study are excluded. In female participants a urine pregnancy test is carried out upon screening. * Shift worker * Participation in another study with investigational drug within the 30 days preceding and during the present study