Short Implants in Atrophic Posterior Maxilla

Inclusion Criteria: * Good health status according to the classification system of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), and patients were required to be 18 years of age or older. * No general medical condition that would contraindicate implant therapy. * No active periodontal disease, defined as a periodontal probing depth of less than 4 mm, or previously treated periodontitis. * Good oral hygiene, with a full-mouth plaque index of less than 25%. * Adequate control of inflammation, with a full-mouth bleeding on probing (BOP) of less than 25%. Exclusion Criteria: * Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day * Presence of untreated periodontal disease * Pregnancy or breastfeeding at the time of enrollment * Active infections * Less than 2 mm of keratinized mucosal tissue.