Clinical Outcomes of Functional Space Maintainers Designed Using CAD/CAM Technology in Early Loss of the First Primary Molar

Inclusion Criteria: * Indication for extraction or premature loss of the first primary molar in the upper or lower jaw. * A prolonged time period from the loss of the primary tooth to the eruption of its successor (with bone tissue present above the successor tooth on the radiograph). * A complete dental arch on the contrary side of the jaw. * Intact or adequately restored vital second primary molars in the region indicated for the placement of a space maintainer. Exclusion Criteria: * Systemic disorders and uncooperative children.