Effects of Dextrose Versus Saline Infusion on Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting During Gynecological Abdominal Surgeries: Randomized Controlled Double-blind Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Age: 20 - 60 years. Females of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II physical status. Elective gynecological abdominal surgeries under intrathecal anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: * Patient refusal. Patients with a history of PONV, smoking, motion sickness or diabetes mellitus. Significant organ dysfunctions (e.g., cardiac, respiratory, renal, or liver disorders). Morbid obesity (BMI \>35 kg/m²). Patients with known hypersensitivity to morphine or amide local anesthetics. Patients with any contraindication for intrathecal anesthesia, e.g. coagulopathy. Emergency operations. Psychiatric disorders or patients who are unable to understand the verbal rating scale. Failed or unsatisfactory intrathecal block. Patients currently receiving opioids, steroids, antiemetic drugs or chemotherapy, pregnant females, and those with abnormal blood glucose on the morning of surgery.