Effects of a Squatting With Hip Adduction in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 20-50 years. * Pain around the patella at least two of the following activities¬-standing up after prolonged sitting, going up and down the stairs, running, jumping, squatting, kneeling, and high-angle knee flexion for a long time. * Knee joint pain for ≥3 months. * Pain level of ≥ 30 mm on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Exclusion Criteria: * Had a history of patellar subluxation, dislocation, or knee surgery. * Had central or peripheral neurological pathology. * Had an obvious knee joint deformity or lower extremity malalignment. * Experienced severe knee joint pain (VAS) score \> 80 mm), or received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, injections, or physical therapy within the past 3 months.