The umbilical cord is generally an organ that clinicians and pathologists do not pay sufficient attention to. The absence of significant pathology in the umbilical cords, along with the lack of association between certain placental pathologies and perinatal mortality and morbidity, have led both clinicians and pathologists to inadequately evaluate the placenta and umbilical cord. In our study, Ä°nvestigators aimed to perform immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis by comparing two groups, one consisting of women who smoked throughout their pregnancy and the other of those who never smoked, including different markers in accordance with the literature. Method: The pregnant women included in the study were categorized according to their smoking status as follows: Group I: Non-smokers (smoking -) Group II: Smokers (smoking +) during pre-pregnancy and throughout the pregnancy In this study, 40 pregnant women who smoked during their pregnancy (between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation) and 37 age- and parity-matched healthy non-smoking pregnant women with full-term births between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation were selected as the control group. Umbilical cord samples (2 ml of blood and a 5 cm tissue sample) were collected from both groups without delay and fixed in 10% formalin. The tissue samples were processed for histological analysis with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining following fixation in 10% formalin solution and routine paraffin embedding. Ä°nvestigators aimed to examine the presence of oncological factors such as CD44, CD34, CD90, and ALDH molecules in the umbilical cord tissue of smokers during pregnancy through immunohistochemistry, and to explore the biochemical relationship of these molecules with their counterparts, CD34, CD44, CD90, and ALDH, found in the umbilical cord blood.
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Hospitalized pregnant women's with smokers and nonsmokers 80%umblical cord tissues 3x3 cm collected while birth during the study .umblical tissues staining will be Measured by Cd34, Cd44, Cd90 and ALDH immunohistochemistry technique.
Timeframe: Baseline
Hospitalized pregnant women's with smokers and nonsmokers 80% umblical blood 5-7 ml collected while birth during the study. Bloods will be measured by Cd34, Cd44, Cd90 and ALDH biochemistry elisa technique.
Timeframe: Baseline