Horticultural Activities Among the People with Dementia and Their Family Caregivers

Inclusion Criteria (PWD): * aged 65 or above; * diagnosed with any type of dementia at the early to moderate stage; * community-dwelling (i.e., non-institutionalized); and * able to understand Cantonese and follow simple instructions. Inclusion Criteria (Caregivers) * aged 18 years or above; * blood or by-marriage relatives (e.g., spouses, siblings, children, and grandchildren) of a person who has been clinically diagnosed with dementia, regardless of its type; * are taking up caring responsibilities ranging from physical aid to emotional support, in the form of transportation, financial assistance, personal hygiene, and decision-making; * providing most of the daily care and support for PWD (daily contact for at least four hours); and * able to speak Cantonese. Exclusion Criteria (PWD + Caregivers): * being diagnosed with a mental disorder such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or depression; * taking anticonvulsants or any kind of psychotropic drugs; and * identified with self-reported suicidal thoughts or drug abuse in the past 6 months.