Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are common in patients after major abdominal surgery. It has been shown that 5-40% of patients occur PPCs after major surgery, and the mid to high PPC rate is observed after laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. PPCs are associated with poor clinical outcomes including prolonged hospital length of stay and increased morbidity and mortality. Mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia can lead to a redistribution of ventilation, increase the aereation in the ventral parts of the lung, whereas reduce ventilation in the dorsal parts of the lung compared with spontaneous breathing (SB) in the awake state in supine position. The reduction of ventilation of dorsal lung regions indicates the presence of dorsal atelectasis during mechanical ventilation after general anesthesia, which may be associated with PPCs. However, there is still no evidence to reveal the association between the reduction of dorsal ventilation and PPCs. Recently, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), which allows visualization of lung ventilation in real time, and assessment of regional lung ventilation. It is feasible to assess the change of ventral/dorsal lung ventilation during the surgery using EIT. To date, no study has investigated whether the change of ventral/dorsal lung ventilation revealed by EIT could be associated with PPCs. So, this prospective observational study aims to clarify whether patients developing postoperative pulmonary complications had higher reduction of dorsal lung ventilation during operation after general anesthesia as compared to patients not developing postoperative pulmonary complications. Ratio of dorsal ventilation during spontaneous respiration (T0) in the awake state as a reference, the proportion of dorsal ventilation after anesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation (T1), body position change and capnoperitoneum (T2), and at the end of surgery (T3) were analyzed. Thereafter, evaluating the change of dorsal ventilation in patients with PPCs and without PPCs at different time points. According to the method of sample size calculation published by Scaramuzzo G et al. (Anesthesiology. 2024 Oct 1;141(4):693-706.). A minimum sample size required for this study was calculated as following: using the difference of reduction of dorsal ventilation at the end of surgery between the patients with PPCs and non-PPCs as the primary outcome. Considering the data of our preliminary experiment showed that a reduction of dorsal lung ventilation at the end of surgery is 12 ± 6% and hypothesizing 30% of patients experiencing postoperative pulmonary complications and a relative clinically relevant increase in reduction of dorsal lung ventilation of 40% in those with postoperative pulmonary complications, we found that 83 patients were sufficient to evaluate differences between groups (effect size 0.8) with a power of 0.90 and an α error of 0.05. Considering a dropout of 10%, we found a minimum sample size of 92 patients.
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The difference of reduction of dorsal ventilation at the end of surgery between the patients with PPCs and non-PPCs
Timeframe: 1-7 days after surgery.