Concurrent TMS-fMRI

Inclusion for patients: * Diagnosis of major depressive disorder * Age greater than or equal to 18 years * Age less than or equal to 65 years * Able to understand and consent for research participation * English-speaking Inclusion for healthy controls: * Report no lifetime psychiatric diagnosis and treatment * scores on Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) lower than 4 * Age greater than or equal to 18 years * Age less than or equal to 65 years * Able to understand and consent for research participation * English-speaking Exclusion for all subjects: * Age less than 18 years * Age greater than 65 years * With epilepsy or seizure disorder * With implanted ferromagnetic equipment in their face or skull near the stimulation target MRI Exclusion criteria for all subjects: * Implanted device including pacemaker, coronary stent, defibrillator, or neurostimulation device that is not MRI-compatible * Metal in body including bullets, shrapnel, metal slivers * Claustrophobia * Uncontrolled high blood pressure * Blood circulation problems * Opiate medication, antihypertensive medication, or any medication that interferes with blood flow (interferes with fMRI recordings) * Significant heart disease, such as atrial fibrillation * Pregnancy in female participants * Prior exposure to deep brain stimulation, rTMS, or tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) therapies * History of neurological or cardiovascular disorders, brai…