High-intensity Interval Training and Vitamin D Effects on Bone Metabolism Among Women Diagnosed With Osteoporosis

Inclusion Criteria: * A healthy non-smoker premenopausal women's * Age are 30-50 years old * subjects who diagnosed with osteoporosis based on the clinical features of bone mineral density (BMD) measured from both lumbar spine L2 to L4, and from the right and left sides of the hip region by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA, UNIGAMMA PLUS AC 230V 50/60Hz 400w, USA) scan method. Exclusion Criteria: * Women with; physical disability, * abnormal hormonal levels * severe disease complications such as chronic kidney and liver diseases, * rheumatoid and osteoarthritis diseases * significant overweight (BMI ≥25) and obesity (≥30 kg/m2) per recommended by the World Health Organization * history of receiving calcium, multivitamin supplements, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and heparin which might affects up on the assessment of bone markers and BMD measurements were excluded from this study.