Characterizing Outcomes and Real-World Experience of Cardiac Physiologic Pacing (The CORE-CPP Study)

Inclusion Criteria: Dual-chamber CSP cohort: * Medicare beneficiaries implanted with a Medtronic dual-chamber transvenous pacemaker on or after the study start date. * Lead type and placement data indicating CSP. * An indication for CRT. BVP comparator cohort: * Medicare beneficiaries implanted with a Medtronic biventricular pacemaker (CRT-P) on or after the study start date. Exclusion Criteria: Dual-chamber CSP cohort: * Evidence of a prior CIED device. * Less than 12 months continuous enrollment in Medicare Part A and Part B prior to implant date. * Non-Medtronic pacemaker (unable to link to Medtronic device registration data). * Missing lead type or placement data. * Lead type and placement data indicating non-CSP placement. BVP comparator cohort: * Evidence of a prior CIED device. * Less than 12 months continuous enrollment in Medicare Part A and Part B prior to implant date. * Non-Medtronic pacemaker (unable to link to Medtronic device registration data). * Missing lead type or placement data.