Analgesic Efficacy of an Opioid-free Postoperative Pain Management Strategy Versus a Conventional Opioid-based Strategy Following Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy

Inclusion criteria: * Aged between 18 and 65 years. * Patients with lung cancer or suspected lung cancer who are undergoing lobectomy surgery via Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS). * American anesthesiologist association (ASA) physical status classificationⅠ-Ⅲ. * Surgery is expected to last at least 2 hours, with a minimum of 2 days of postoperative hospitalization. * Patients participate voluntarily and have signed an informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who underwent open-heart surgery. * Patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m², or ≤18.5 kg/m². * Patients who are allergic to any of the local anesthetic drugs, such as ropivacaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, procaine, bupivacaine, benzocaine, dacronin, etc. * Patients who are allergic to any of the general anesthesia drugs, such as those including propofol, sufentanil, remifentanil, etc. * Patients who currently have active ulcers or have gastrointestinal bleeding or who are allergic to any NSAIDs such as parecoxib sodium, flurbiprofenol ester, and acetaminophen. * Patients with contraindications to epidural spinal plane block (ESPB), such as skin infection near the puncture site or coagulation disorders. * Patients allergic to ultrasound gel. * Patients with significant preoperative renal insufficiency (creatinine more than twice the upper limit of normal). * Patients with severe spinal deformities prior to surgery. * Patients with preoperative distant tumor met…