Predictors and Outcomes of Kangaroo Mother Care: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Pakistan

Inclusion Criteria: * women who were able to follow the program instructions, * permanent residents of Lahore and its periphery and willing to be part of program for the one-year time period, * live newborn babies delivered either vaginally or through caesarean section with birth weight of 1.5 to 2 kg, * gestational age between 28 to 36 weeks. Exclusion Criteria: * an infant or mother diagnosed with a life-threatening ailment, major disease, or major malformations, * early-detected major conditions arising from perinatal problems, such as severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, pulmonary hypertension, * incidence of severe infection measured as nosocomial infections requiring systemic antibiotics or infections, severe respiratory distress, and hypothermia episodes (temperature less than 35C).