The goal of this randomized crossover study is to investigate the effects of plyometric training, functional training, and whole-body electrical muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) on athletic performance and health in university basketball and volleyball players. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Which training modality (plyometric, functional, or WB-EMS) leads to the greatest improvements in athletic performance measures such as power, speed, and agility? 2. How do these training modalities compare in terms of their effects on overall health, injury risk reduction, and psychological well-being? Researchers will use a crossover design, where each participant experiences multiple training modalities in a sequential manner, to provide a more rigorous and comprehensive evaluation of the interventions' effectiveness. Participants will: 1. Be randomly assigned to one of four training sequences, each consisting of two 8-week intervention periods separated by a 4-week washout phase; 2. Experience at least two of the three training modalities (plyometric, functional, or WB-EMS) during the intervention periods; 3. Maintain their regular training routines if assigned to the control group; 4. Undergo assessments, including anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests, and questionnaires, at baseline, after each intervention period, and during a follow-up session. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights into the optimal sequencing and combination of training modalities to maximize athletic performance and promote health among university basketball and volleyball players.
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Squat Jump (SJ) Test
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）
Countermovement Jump（CMJ）
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）
Running Jump Off Test
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）
Modified 505 Change of Direction Test
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）
Sprint 4 × 5 m Test
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）
Modified Agility T-Test (MAT)
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of intervention at 20 weeks（8 weeks for phase 1,4 weeks for wash out and 8 weeks for phase 2）