Intraoperative Diaphragmatic Neuromodulation

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 18 years old; * Body mass index ≤ 30 kg/㎡; * American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification: I-II level; * Patients who undergo elective supratentorial tumor resection surgery; * Mechanical ventilation during operation ≥ 4h; * Signed informed consent form; Exclusion Criteria: * With known respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, etc.; * History of respiratory infection within 6 months before surgery; * Received invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation within 6 months; * Contraindications to extracorporeal diaphragmatic pacemakers, such as pneumothorax, active pulmonary tuberculosis, and wearing a cardiac pacemaker; * Diagnosis with neuromuscular dysfunction diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, muscle atrophy, etc.; * Pregnant or lactating patients; * Preoperative cognitive impairment, consciousness disorders.