Spinal Networks of Balance Learning and Retention in Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria: * age range: 65 to 95 years * no severe high blood pressure: Resting systolic \< 180 mmHg and diastolic \< 100 mmHg * no severe vision impairment: Visual acuity ≥ 20/70 as determined by Snellen eye chart * walking problem: Preferred walking speed slower than 1.0 m/s over 10 meters * balance problem: Berg Balance Scale score \< 45 * no cognitive impairment: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≥ 26 out of 30 Exclusion Criteria: * diagnosed neurological disorder or injury of the central nervous system, or observation of symptoms consistent with such a condition (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke, etc.) * severe arthritis, such as awaiting joint replacement * current cardiovascular, lung or renal disease; untreated diabetes; terminal illness * myocardial infarction or major heart surgery in the previous year * cancer treatment in the past year, except for nonmelanoma skin cancers and cancers having an excellent prognosis (e.g., early stage breast or prostate cancer) * current diagnosis of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder * currently taking medications that affect the central nervous system, such as benzodiazepines, anti-cholinergic medication, and GABAergic medication, among others * uncontrolled hypertension at rest (systolic \> 180 mmHg and/or diastolic \> 100 mmHg) * bone fracture or joint replacement in the previous six months * current enrollment in any other clinical trial * planning to relocate out of the area durin…