Mechanical Muscle Proprieties in Patient with COPD

Inclusion criteria for the COPD group: Diagnosis of COPD: Confirmed diagnosis of COPD based on GOLD spirometry criteria: Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio \< 0.70 Documented history of respiratory symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, cough, sputum production) Stable COPD: No COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalization in the past 6 months. Smoking History: Current or former smoker with a documented smoking history of at least 10 pack-years (cumulative cigarette consumption). Age: 45-75 years old. Ability to Understand and Follow Instructions: Mentally competent and able to understand the study procedures, risks, and benefits, providing written informed consent. Exclusion criteria for the COPD group: Other respiratory disease than COPD. Severe COPD exacerbation: anyone with a COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization within the last six months. Conditions limiting chest wall movement: severe kyphosis, ankylosing spondylitis, or similar conditions that significantly impact the ability to expand the chest wall and perform respiratory muscle assessments. Muscular or neuromuscular disorders: primary muscular diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy) or neuromuscular disorders affecting muscle function (e.g., Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis). Recent Surgery or Trauma: Significant surgery or trauma within the past three months that might affect muscle function or the ability to perform assessments. Uncontrolled comorbidities: severe, uncontrolled medical conditions that could significan…