The aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) for improving cardiovascular and pulmonary function in individuals with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI) by measuring vascular related endothelial biomarkers, plasma catecholamines, and respiratory parameters.
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Circulating endothelial biomarkers in EMV/ยตL (Park et al., 2023)
Timeframe: Real-time Effect: 1 week; Long-term Effect: 8 weeks