The investigators implanted 264 Galaxy TS implants (with or without BBL) in 33 patients across both jaws. Implant stability and osseointegration were assessed using Initial Stability Quotient (ISQ) measurements, computed tomography (CBCT) scans and pain evaluations at various intervals post-surgery. Further, implant surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In vitro studies evaluated the efficacy of BBL on dental pulp pluripotent stem cells (DPPSCs) osteogenesis, and inflammatory factor modulation in human macrophages.
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ISQ measurements
Timeframe: 3 month