Introduction Portal hypertension is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and is often underestimated in clinical diagnosis. The incidence of portal hypertension is approximately 20% to 98% in patients with cirrhosis (Wu et al., 2022). It is the major driver in the transition from the compensated to the 'decompensated' stage of cirrhosis, defined by the presence of clinical complications, including ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy (Berzigotti., 2017). Acute variceal bleeding is one of the most lifethreatening complications of liver cirrhosis. Twenty two percent to sixty one percent of cirrhotic patients receiving primary prophylaxis will develop first variceal bleeding during the first two years of follow up. Furthermore, variceal bleeding is associated with high risk of rebleeding and mortality (Tantai et al., 2019). Patients with cirrhosis, although much progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment using vasoactive drugs, preventive antibiotics, early endoscopy and interventional radiology, the 6-week mortality rate remains high, ranging from 10 to 20%, mainly due to failure to control bleeding in the first days. Therefore, the prognostic method of patients with acute variceal bleeding is to determine the risk of rebleeding and resistance to standard treatment (accounting for 20-30%) and mortality rate in order to be able to adopt more aggressive treatment measures. The prognosis is very important but also difficult, not only because of the bleeding status but also depending on the severity of the underlying cirrhosis (Huy et al., 2023). Many risk factors are known to influence the outcome in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) setting: Age, comorbidities, presence of shock, endoscopic diagnosis, haemoglobin values at the time of bleeding, stigmata of recent haemorhage and need for blood transfusion have all been described as significant risk factors for rebleeding and death (Monteiro S et al., 2016). Many risk assessment score systems, including pre-endoscopy and post-endoscopy evaluations, have been developed to predict outcomes such as the need for hospital-based intervention, endoscopic therapy, and admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), rebleeding, and mortality. Some studies showed that these scoring systems distinguish low-risk patients who can potentially be managed as outpatients, allowing more efficient use of resources. Other studies suggested that these score systems distinguish higher-risk patients who might require emergency endoscopy or management in an intensive care unit (Li et al., 2022). In 1993, the Rockall Scoring system was introduced to predict the mortality after UGIB and was validated for its use to identify the patients at high risk for re-bleed and mortality. Complete Rockall scoring system is based on an initial clinical score at the time of admission which consist of age (score 0-2), presence of shock (0-2), co-morbidities (score 0-3) and post endoscopic diagnosis (score 0-2) with stigmata of recent hemorrhages (score 0-2). Both clinical and post endoscopic scores added together gives a complete Rockall score with maximum score being 11 (Dewan et al., 2018). In 2020, Laursen S.B. and colleagues conducted a multicenter international study and developed a new prognostic scoring system for UGIB called the ABC score. This scoring system is based on three criteria: age, blood test results, and comorbidities. The score ranges from 0 to 18 points, categorizing the risk into low (≤3 points), moderate (4-7 points), and high (≥8 points) levels. The 30-day mortality rates for high-risk UGIB patients in these three risk groups were 1%, 7%, and 25%, respectively ( Ky et al., 2023) The new Cologne Watch (C-Watch) score was designed as a pre-endoscopic score for acute variceal and non-variceal UGIB and incorporates laboratory values only (c-reactive protein, white blood cell count, alanine-aminotransferase, thrombocytes, creatinine, and hemoglobin) with a minimum point value of 0 and a maximum point value of 8. Within the validation set, it predicted a composite endpoint consisting of recurrent bleeding, need for intervention (interventional radiology, surgery), or death within 30 days with an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0. About 38.7% of patients were within the high-risk group, i.e., ≥2 points, reached the composite endpoint, whereas no patient classified as low risk (≤1 point) (Allo et al., 2022).
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ABC score.
Timeframe: 1 year
Rockall score
Timeframe: 1 year