Anesthesia and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Recurrence

Inclusion Criteria: * American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA) Ⅰ-Ⅲ * The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2 * Lung resection surgery (segmentectomy, lobectomy, bilobectomy, pneumonectomy; video-assisted, robot-assisted, or open) with curative intent for NSCLC (clinical Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) stage Ⅰ- ⅢA). Exclusion Criteria: * Distant metastasis or malignant tumor in other organs that according to the attending surgeon is not in long-term remission * Severe neurologic conditions * Severe hepatic disease (Child-Pugh classification C) * Renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy * History of anesthesia and/or surgery within 1 yr * Previous surgery due to lung cancer (except diagnostic biopsies) * Contraindications to any study medication (history of allergy, hypersensitivity reaction, or any other contraindication) * Planned joint extrapulmonary procedure * Surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation * Postoperative sedation * Pregnancy, or lactation * Patient refusal.