The goal of this observational study is to learn about rejection in lung transplantation. The main question it aims to answer is: • what is the role of immune checkpoints in lung transplantation? Participants will describe pathways of rejection in lung transplantation analyzing the immune checkpoints on explanted lungs as well as trans-bronchial biopsies.
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Lung-tissue immune-checkpoint profile and bronchoalveolar immune-cells mRNA signature in acute rejection after lung transplantation.
Timeframe: Twelve months after lung transplantation (prospective data)
Lung-tissue immune-checkpoint profile in chronic rejection after lung transplantation.
Timeframe: Cohort 1: at re-transplantation for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (cross-sectional data). Cohort 2: from one to 36 months after lung transplantation (retrospective data)