This study aims to investigate how non-invasive, non-significant risk EMG monitoring can be used intraoperatively to objectively characterize neuraxial anesthesia (i.e. spinal and caudal blockade) in pediatric patients undergoing surgery. The investigators will also attempt to measure the effect of adjunctive intrathecal clonidine on spinal and caudal blockade using EMG. This study also aims to quantify the impact of sevoflurane on basal muscle tone based on EMG changes. This study aims to generate pilot data on this subject to help design future studies.
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Determine onset of spinal anesthesia and caudal + general anesthesia using surface EMG as measured by power of signal amplitude.
Timeframe: Preoperative placement through resolution of motor blockade in the PACU. Timeframe being day of surgery - up to one day.
Determine duration of spinal anesthesia and caudal + general anesthesia using surface EMG as measured by power of signal amplitude. .
Timeframe: Preoperative placement through resolution of motor blockade in the PACU. Timeframe being day of surgery - up to one day.
Determine density of spinal anesthesia and caudal + general anesthesia using surface EMG as measured by power of signal amplitude.
Timeframe: Preoperative placement through resolution of motor blockade in the PACU. Timeframe being day of surgery - up to one day.
Determine dermatomal level of spinal anesthesia and caudal + general anesthesia using surface EMG as measured by power of signal amplitude.
Timeframe: Preoperative placement through resolution of motor blockade in the PACU. Timeframe being day of surgery - up to one day.