Neurofrailty: A Study of Late-onset Epilepsy and Its Associations

Inclusion criteria for case participants includes: * diagnosis of LOE or first seizure after the age of 18. * diagnosis confirmed or established at a tertiary neurology centre. * sequential cases will be used; in the unlikely event that eligible cases outstrip capacity, an annual cap of the first 150 patients per year per cohort will be used. Inclusion criteria for control participants includes: * established diagnosis of migraine. * with or without therapeutic medications with antiepileptic properties. Exclusion Criteria Exclusion criteria for case participants includes: * a 'lesional' attributable cause for seizures including malignancy, stroke (excluding transient ischaemic attack), hypoxic brain injury, trauma, vascular or congenital abnormality of likely aetiological significance. * people with migraine or headache syndrome can be included in case group - the presence or absence of a seizure syndrome is mutually exclusive between case and control groups, not the presence or absence of migraine. Exclusion criteria for control participants includes: * diagnosis of epilepsy or confirmed seizure. * 'lesional' attributable cause for seizures including malignancy, stroke (excluding transient ischaemic attack), hypoxic brain injury, trauma.