The aim of the 3-year longitudinal study is to investigate the cardiovascular system's response to training loads in young athletes. For the first time, these parameters will be examined alongside biochemical and metabolic laboratory measures, as well as body composition. The study focuses on the impact of training frequency and intensity, as well as performance, on cardiovascular structure and function. The following research questions are being investigated: What structural and functional cardiovascular changes can be observed in young athletes compared to the norm? What is the relationship between cardiac and vascular parameters depending on the athletic load (training frequency and intensity) as well as athletic performance? Do cardiac/vascular parameters change over the course of the study, and what role do athletic load (training frequency and intensity) as well as athletic performance play? What laboratory chemical changes can be observed in young athletes depending on the athletic load (training frequency and intensity) as well as athletic performance? What connections exist between laboratory chemical parameters and cardiac and vascular parameters in young athletes? Is there a correlation between structural and functional cardiovascular changes and body composition as well as eating behavior?
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Vascular stiffness
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Peripheral and central blood pressure
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left Ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (LVIDd)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left ventricular posterior wall end diastole (LVPWd)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Interventricular septum thickness (IVSd)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left ventricular mass (LVM)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Relative wall thickness (RWT)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Ejection fraction (EF)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Fractional shortening (FS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left ventricular diastolic function (E', E/E', A', E'/A', E-Wave, A-Wave, E/A)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left ventricular systolic function (S', S)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left Atrial Diameter and Right Atrial Diameter and Diameter/Body Surface Area
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left Atrial and Right Atrial Volume/Body Surface Area
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left atrial peak longitudinal strain (L-PALS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left atrial peak contraction strain (L-PACS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Left atrial total strain
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Right atrial peak longitudinal strain (R-PALS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Right atrial peak contraction strain (R-PACS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Global longitudinal strain (GLS)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Intima-Media-Thickness (IMT)
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Peripheral and central pulse pressure
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years
Pulse Wave Velocity
Timeframe: Once every year over 3 years