Chilblains, also known as perniosis, is a non-freezing cold injury causing painful inflammatory skin lesions. Chilblains typically affect the dorsal feet or hands, causing inflammatory skin lesions that are often painful, and their pathogenesis remains only partly understood. To improve diagnosis and management, it is vital to focus entirely on chilblains and consider the patient-related and environmental factors that characterize this disorder. Because of this, it's critical to investigate the thermoregulatory function, of individuals with idiopathic chilblains while they are exposed to various environmental conditions (cold and neutral environments).
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Heart rate
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Heart rate variability
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Skin blood flow
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Skin temperature
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Finger temperature
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Hemoglobin oxygen saturation in a localized tissue (foot)
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Body core temperature
Timeframe: 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming), 1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming)
Thermal comfort
Timeframe: Change from baseline thermal comfort at 20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th minute (for trial without warming - 1 hour and 35 minutes), and at 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 100th minute (for trial with warming - 1 hour and 55 minutes)
Thermal sensation
Timeframe: Change from baseline thermal sensation at 20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th minute (for trial without warming - 1 hour and 35 minutes), and at 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 100th minute (for trial with warming - 1 hour and 55 minutes)
Blood samples
Timeframe: Participants were given blood samples at baseline, at 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming)/1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming), and 24 hours after each trial.
Urine sample
Timeframe: Participants were given urine samples at baseline, at 1 hour and 35 minutes (trial without rewarming)/1 hour and 55 minutes (trial with rewarming), and 24 hours after each trial.