Investigation on the Cortical Communication System

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-70 years * Clinical diagnosis of locked-in state state or likelihood of soon progressing into LIS (within an estimated 2 years), caused by traumatic brain injury, brainstem stroke, neurodegenerative disease, neuromuscular disease or another cause * • Current or imminent complete or incomplete tetraplegia (quadriplegia) or tetraparesis (quadriparesis) * • Current or imminent motor-related speech impairment (dysarthria or anarthria) * Either receiving tracheostomy invasive ventilation, or having a stable and adequate respiratory situation without respiratory support, allowing for safe intubation, mechanical ventilation and detubation during surgery according to the involved clinicians, and, if relevant (e.g., in case of a progressive condition), in combination with a confirmed desire to receive tracheostomy invasive ventilation when that becomes necessary * Meeting surgical safety criteria, including surgical clearance by the study physicians * Meeting (neuro)psychological evaluation criteria * Ability to communicate reliably, such as through eye movement * Willingness and ability to provide informed consent * Lives within reasonable distance from University Medical Center Utrecht * Participant consents to the study and still wishes to participate at the time of the study * Vision and hearing largely intact Exclusion Criteria: * Performance on formal neuropsychological testing that indicates a significant current or recent psychiatric disorder, cogni…