Patient Outcomes of Staged Ridge-splitting Using Piezo-electric Surgery in Atrophic Posterior Mandible

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients were free from any relevant systemic diseases according to American society of Anesthesiologists classifications. * Patients of single or multiple missing teeth in the posterior mandible. * A ridge width of minimum 4mm and a 10 mm ridge height with 2mm minimum above Inferior Alveolar Nerve (IAN) were present in CBCT images. * Absence of buccal concavities at the planned implant site. Exclusion Criteria: * History of any systemic diseases or medication that alters bone metabolism. * Poor oral hygiene. * Heavy smoker (more than 20 cigarettes/day) or alcoholic patients. * Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the head and neck region in the last 12 months prior to the proposed implant therapy. * Patients currently on or with a history of bisphosphonate therapy.