The goal of this prospective, observational study is to compare in the association of glycemic control and retinal microvascular changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without diabetic retinopathy (DR). The main question it aims to answer are: • Do degenerative changes in retinal microvasculature or nerves depend on glycemic control even before diabetic retinopathy is detected? Participants will receive an annual routine comprehensive examination including ultra-widefield fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
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The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area (mm^2)
Timeframe: Upon initial registration and through study completion, an average of 1 year
central foveal retinal thickness (um) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness (um)
Timeframe: Upon initial registration and through study completion, an average of 1 year
Retinal vessel density (VD, %)
Timeframe: Upon initial registration and through study completion, an average of 1 year