Effect of Customized Healing Abutments on Peri-implant Soft Tissue and Bone

Inclusion Criteria: * ≥18 years of age; * patients who needed a single implant placing therapy in maxillary or mandibular arch except in third molar regions * sufficient mesial distal and interocclusal space for placement of the implant and definitive restoration; * had sufficient apical bone to place an implant with minimum primary stability of 30 Ncm. Exclusion Criteria: * medical and general contraindications for the surgical procedure; * heavy smokers (\>10 cigarettes/day); * an active infection at the implant site.