Investigators conducted an observational diagnostic study. The primary objective of the study is to develop a scoring system for detecting pre-lung cancer abnormalities using narrow-band imaging (NBI) bronchoscopy. From the collected data, investigators will perform a multivariate analysis based on the odds ratio (OR) using IBM SPSS software. The result of the data analysis will be transformed into a scoring system aimed to facilitate the early diagnosis of lung cancer, specifically at the pre-cancer stage. This scoring system will also help clinicians detect pre-cancerous abnormalities early and improve patient recovery prospects. Several research questions to be addressed are as follows: 1. What are the NBI image criteria for detecting pre-cancerous lesions in lung tumor patients? 2. What is the diagnostic profile of NBI bronchoscopy in detecting pre-cancerous lesions in lung tumor patients? 3. Can adding the NBI bronchoscopy procedure to the standard bronchoscopy procedure enhance the diagnostic accuracy in detecting pre-cancerous lesions in lung tumor patients? The study population consists of lung tumor patients who have undergone bronchoscopy procedures and meet the protocol acceptance criteria. Bronchial biopsies will be collected from these patients, followed by histopathological examinations.
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To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the bronchoscopic narrow-band imaging (NBI) in detecting bronchial squamous dysplasia
Timeframe: Based on the research timeline, all statistical analysis and data processing will be conducted from January to February 2024