Initial Volume Status in Patients With Acute Brain Injury is Associated With Neurological Prognosis

Inclusion Criteria: * Only adult patients (\>18 years of age) were included. The other inclusion criteria were 1) definite cerebrovascular accident or craniocerebral injury (a clear change in consciousness or suggestive imaging); 2) the ability to undergo ultrasound to obtain information on volume status and cardiac and pulmonary monitoring; and 3) fulfilment of the measurement conditions. Exclusion Criteria: * The exclusion criteria were 1) a history of cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, or atrial fibrillation; 2) presence of severe valvular disease or an EF of \<30%; 3) chronic lung disease; 4) chronic liver failure or renal insufficiency; 5) comorbid malignant neoplasm or acute/chronic infectious disease prior to craniocerebral injury; 6) pregnancy or breastfeeding; 7) history of psychiatric disorders; 8) history of drug abuse or alcohol misuse; 9) history of β-blocker use; 10) comorbid spinal cord injury; 11) death or discharge from hospital within 5 days of hospitalization.