Pigtail or Chest Tube Placement After Uniportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: \- eighty consecutive adult patients undergoing elective uniportal VATS lobectomy Exclusion Criteria: \- patient refusal, body mass index \> 27 kg/m2, American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grade above 3, contraindication to nerve block, allergy to analgesic agents, regular opioid used for chronic pain prior to this time surgery, anticipating postoperative patient control analgesia (PCA) before operation, surgeon's decision for exclusion during operation, conversion to thoracotomy or multiportal VATS procedure, postoperative intubation, postoperative intensive care unit admission.