Investigation of the Effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercises After Lumbar Disc Herniation Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * Had symptomatic lumbar disc herniation confirmed via MRI requiring surgical intervention. * Were 35-50 years old and in a stable postoperative condition. * Could follow written and verbal instructions and had access to internet-connected devices for virtual monitoring. * Provided informed consent for participation in the study. Exclusion Criteria Participants were excluded if they: * Had undergone previous spinal surgery or had other spinal conditions such as spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, or instability unrelated to the current lumbar disc herniation. * Presented with significant musculoskeletal disorders unrelated to lumbar disc herniation (e.g., severe osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia * Had diagnosed neurological, rheumatological, or systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or multiple sclerosis. * Experienced functional impairments due to conditions like severe cardiovascular disease or uncontrolled diabetes. * Reported cognitive, psychological, or mental health issues that could interfere with adherence to the protocol. * Had medical contraindications to active exercise (e.g., recent myocardial infarction or uncontrolled hypertension * Demonstrated unwillingness or inability to adhere to the prescribed exercise regimen.