Virtual Ileostomy Versus Diverting Ileostomy

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of rectal cancer confirmed by pathology * Age ≥ 18 years * Lap/robot total mesorectal excision (TME) surgical procedures and colon-rectum or colon-anal anastomosis#1.anterior resection (AR/ PME), 2. low anterior resection (LAR) , 3.intersphincteric abdominoperineal resection (ISR), 4.transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) * Ability to understand the nature and risks of participating in the trial Exclusion Criteria: * Emergency surgery, open surgery * ASA score \>3points * Patients with combined complete intestinal obstruction * Long-term history of using immunosuppressants or glucocorticoids * Combined severe cardiac disease: with congestive heart failure or NYHA cardiac function ≥ grade 2. Patients with a history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery surgery within 6 months before the procedure * Chronic renal failure (requiring dialysis or glomerular filtration rate \<30 mL/ min) * Intraoperative combined multi-organ resection * Combined cirrhosis of the liver * Intraoperative findings of incomplete anastomosis and positive insufflation test * missing information